Complete cleanliness impossible in wilderness, even when not on SAR operation, but care, thoughtfulness, and occasional hand-washing may prevent team from getting diarrhea or Hepatitis A f ; during disaster operations, handle food carefully, wash hands often g ; wash your hands compulsively h ; when in de vel op ing coun tries avoid food that may have been contaminated by cooks or food servers with poor hygiene i ; treat all water with iodine or chlorine j ; importance of good hygiene: those infected with Hepatitis A generally shed virus for 2-3 weeks before becoming jaundiced 2 ; when in developing countries, observe carefully that all needles and surgical equipment are sterilized, avoid sex or use condoms, and treat all water with iodine, as a ; Hepa ti tis B and Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis are transmitted i ; by sex and ii ; by contaminated needles which may often be used in medical facilities in developing countries ; , and b ; Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis may be transmitted i ; by blood transfusions, even in advanced medical systems, and ii ; by contaminated water 5. AIDS: Ac quired Im mu no ciency Syndrome AIDS ; a. slowly progressive but uniformly fatal disease 1 ; results in infection and depletion of a certain white blood cells T lymphocytes ; 2 ; resulting in susceptibility to many infections.
6. Lohmann SM, Vaandrager AB, Smolenski A, Walter U, De Jonge HR. Distinct and specific functions of cGMP-dependent protein kinases. Trends Biochem Sci. 1997; 22: 307312. Geiger J, Nolte C, Butt E, Sage SO, Walter U. Role of cGMP and cGMP-dependent protein kinase in nitrovasodilator inhibition of agonistevoked calcium elevation in human platelets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992; 89: 10311035. Geiger J, Nolte C, Walter U. Regulation of calcium mobilization and entry in human platelets by endothelium-derived factors. J Physiol. 1994; 267: C236 C244. 9. Horstrup K, Jablonka B, Honig-Liedl P, Just M, Kochsiek K, Walter U. Phosphorylation of focal adhesion vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein at Ser157 in intact human platelets correlates with fibrinogen receptor inhibition. Eur J Biochem. 1994; 225: 2127. Wu CC, Ko FN, Teng CM. Inhibition of platelet adhesion to collagen by cGMP-elevating agents. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997; 231: 412 Hauser W, Knobeloch KP, Eigenthaler M, Gambaryan S, Krenn V, Geiger J, Glazova M, Rohde E, Horak I, Walter U, Zimmer M. Megakaryocyte hyperplasia and enhanced agonist-induced platelet activation in vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999; 96: 8120 Geiger J, Brich J, Honig-Liedl P, Eigenthaler M, Schanzenbacher P, Herbert JM, Walter U. Specific impairment of human platelet P2Y AC ; ADP receptor-mediated signaling by the antiplatelet drug clopidogrel. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999; 19: 20072011. Schwarz UR, Geiger J, Walter U, Eigenthaler M. Flow cytometry analysis of intracellular VASP phosphorylation for the assessment of activating and inhibitory signal transduction pathways in human platelets: definition and detection of ticlopidine clopidogrel effects. Thromb Haemost. 1999; 82: 11451152. Smolenski A, Bachmann C, Reinhard K, Honig-Liedl P, Jarchau T, Hoschuetzky H, Walter U. Analysis and regulation of vasodilatorstimulated phosphoprotein serine 239 phosphorylation in vitro and in intact cells using a phosphospecific monoclonal antibody. J Biol Chem. 1998; 273: 20029 Smolenski A, Poller W, Walter U, Lohmann SM. Regulation of human endothelial cell focal adhesion sites and migration by cGMP-dependent protein kinase I. J Biol Chem. 2000; 275: 2572325732. Oelze M, Mollnau H, Hoffmann N, Warnholtz A, Bodenschatz M, Smolenski A, Walter U, Skatchkov M, Meinertz T, Munzel T. Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein serine 239 phosphorylation as a sensitive monitor of defective nitric oxide cGMP signaling and endothelial dysfunction. Circ Res. 2000; 87: 999 Mollnau H, Wendt M, Szocs K, Lassegue B, Schulz E, Oelze M, Li H, Bodenschatz M, August M, Kleschyov AL, Tsilimingas N, Walter U, Forstermann U, Meinertz T, Griendling K, Munzel T. Effects of angiotensin II infusion on the expression and function of NAD P ; H oxidase and components of nitric oxide cGMP signaling. Circ Res. 2002; 90: E58 E65. 18. Mulsch A, Oelze M, Kloss S, Mollnau H, Topfer A, Smolenski A, Walter U, Stasch JP, Warnholtz A, Hink U, Meinertz T, Munzel T. Effects of in vivo nitroglycerin treatment on activity and expression of the guanylyl cyclase and cGMP-dependent protein kinase and their downstream target vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein in aorta. Circulation. 2001; 103: 2188 Schulz E, Tsilimingas N, Rinze R, Reiter B, Wendt M, Oelze M, Woelken-Weckmuller S, Walter U, Reichenspurner H, Meinertz T, Munzel T. Functional and biochemical analysis of endothelial dys ; function and NO cGMP signaling in human blood vessels with and without nitroglycerin pretreatment. Circulation. 2002; 105: 1170 Eisert WG. Near-field amplification of antithrombotic effects of dipyridamole through vessel wall cells. Neurology. 2001; 57: S20 S23. 21. Gresele P, Arnout J, Deckmyn H, Vermylen J. Mechanism of the antiplatelet action of dipyridamole in whole blood: modulation of adenosine concentration and activity. Thromb Haemost. 1986; 55: 1218. Gresele P, Zoja C, Deckmyn H, Arnout J, Vermylen J, Verstraete M. Dipyeidamole inhibits platelet aggregation in whole blood. Thromb Haemost. 1983; 50: 852 Ferrandon P, Barcelo B, Perche JC, Schoffs AR. Effects of dipyridamole, soluflazine and related molecules on adenosine uptake and metabolism by.
Table 1. Pharmacokinetic parameters non-transformed values; arithmetic mean SD, tmax median, range ; Treatment Test Reference * Ratio CI ; CV % ; AUC0-t.
Drug trend dropped to 8.5% in 2004--its lowest level in recent years. Unit costs grew slowly, due primarily to an increase in generic drug use that helped counter strong inflationary pressure from many brand-name drugs. Utilization of prescription drugs grew rapidly, especially for seniors ages 65 and older ; , and this put upward pressure on plan spending in many therapeutic areas. Utilization growth was particularly fast for cardiovascular medications and for many high-cost specialty drugs. Slow growth in other areas--antidepressants, nonnarcotic pain relievers, and ulcer heartburn therapies--helped keep trend down, for example, what is dipyridamole.
Medical Decision Making Diagnosis Mgmt. Options Data Reviewed Risk.
Want to try growing your own soybeans in the garden? Edamame, large soybeans that are harvested when the beans are still green and sweet tasting, are easy to grow in your garden. They like full sun and are adaptable to most soil types. They are ready to harvest in 65 to days, and planting seeds every week or so will let you fresh soybeans throughout the summer. Edamame is best--from both a flavor and nutrition standpoint--if eaten soon after picking. Edamame is a delicious, healthy snack. Because it is something you can eat with your fingers and its flavor has a light sweetness blended with a nutty taste, edamame appeals to children and adults alike. Boil the freshly picked pods for about ten minutes in salted water. Drain the pods and serve them heaped in an attractive bowl. They are equally delectable as finger food whether served slightly warm from cooking, at room temperature, or lightly chilled. Hold the pod and gently push the beans out of the pod, pop them into your mouth, and enjoy their sweet, nutty flavor. For more information about how to grow soybeans in your garden and a list of edamame varieties, visit the National Garden Bureau's Web site at: ngb and persantine.
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Moride Y, Tournier M, Ducruet T, Moshyk A, Rochon S Universit de Montral, Montreal, Canada Corresponding Author: yola.moride umontreal Funding Source: Pfizer Canada, Inc. Introduction: Burden-of-illness BOI ; data, such as health services use and incidence of adverse events, may be obtained through administrative databases and are often used in economic evaluations of new medicines. However, failure to account for duration of illness may bias comparisons across patient subgroups. Objectives: Using the economic evaluation of Macugen macular degeneration treatment ; as a case study, this study aimed to assess the risk of fracture, institutionalization, depression, and death among community-dwelling elderly patients diagnosed with visual impairment. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted over the years 2000 to 2004. Data were obtained through the Quebec health databases RAMQ ; . The 5-year hazard rate of fracture, depression, institutionalization, or death in a cohort of elderly patients age 65 + ; with visual impairment either moderate n 2, 454 ; , or severe blindness n 2, 609 was compared to a cohort of elderly patients without visual impairment n 16, 932 ; . Associations were quantified through Cox proportional hazard models. Results: Adjusting for age, gender, overall health status Chronic Disease Score ; , and history of depression, the hazard ratio for all outcomes was greater for visual impaired patients than for referents. However, the risk of fracture, institutionalization, or death showed a trend to be greater for patients with moderate than severe visual impairment; consistent with a depletion of susceptibles effect. Conclusion: Crude BOI data should be used in economic evaluations. However, if the objective is to determine the risk of adverse events according to an etiological perspective, failure to account for the depletion of susceptibles effect may bias results. Keywords: Burden of illness, depletion of susceptibles.
HYPOCAPNIA IN PANIC-RELATED CHEST PAIN obtained for the remaining 23 patients because a research assistant was not available at the time of stress testing. All patients found by chart review ; to have significant pulmonary disease or to be currently taking narcotics or benzodiazepines all of which can influence end-tidal PCO2 measurements ; were excluded. Five of the 27 patients for whom PCO2 data were available were excluded from the analysis for these reasons. Procedures All subjects underwent either treadmill or dipyridamole stress myocardial scintigraphy. In these procedures, coronary vasodilation is induced either by exercise treadmill ; or pharmacologically dipyridamole ; . Exercise duration was .either symptom limited or terminated because of electrocardiographic evidence of ischemic ST-segment alteration. Psychiatric diagnoses were determined by a psychologist or senior psychiatric resident before the cardiac testing procedure using the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-III-R 16 ; . Final diagnoses were made by consensus with one of the principal investigators. After the psychiatric interview, patients completed the Zung Anxiety Scale ZAS ; and the Anxiety Sensitivity Index ASI ; . The ZAS is a 20-item self-report rating of the severity of anxiety and associated somatic symptoms 17 ; . The ASI is a 16-item self-report rating of the degree to which somatic symptoms of arousal are anxiety producing 18 ; . End-tidal PCO2 was recorded with a Puritan-Bennett infrared capnograph attached to a loose-fitting face mask according to a previously described method 15 ; . PCO2 measurements began after all pretesting procedures were completed and laboratory staff were ready to begin the stress test. End-tidal PCO2 was recorded for a 60-second period immediately preceding the stress test prestress ; and then throughout the stress test. Mean end-tidal PCO2 was calculated for the prestress period and for each minute during stress testing. PCO2 measurements were obtained by a research assistant blind to the results of the psychiatric interview. Rest and stress scintigrams were obtained by myocardial imaging with either thallium-201 or technitium-99m sestamibi in conjunction with treadmill exercise or infusion of dipyridamole. Images were analyzed by two nuclear medicine faculty physicians who were unaware of the patient's psychiatric status. A positive scintigram was one with a definitive regional perfusion defect on the stress image that was not present on the rest image. The absence of this finding defined a negative scan. No patient showed a fixed perfusion defect present on both rest and stress images ; that was not considered to be an artifact such as breast attenuation ; . Categorical data were analyzed by Fisher's exact test; continuous data were analyzed by ANOVA or t test. Chest pain quality was evaluated by retrospective chart review by an experienced cardiologist E.A.A. ; . Five dimensions of pain were rated as typical or atypical. These dimensions were a ; onset with exertion typical yes b ; relieved by nitroglycerin typical fully relieved c ; duration typical 5 minutes d ; location typical retrosternal, throat, jaw, left upper extremity and e ; pain quality typical pressure, squeezing, burning ; . A majority of items were available for most patients. Pain was scored as either typical or atypical according to the following algorithm: typical no more than 1 of available items atypical; atypical 1 of available items atypical. RESULTS A comparison of clinical and demographic features of the 22 patients included in the PCO2 study with the 28 patients not included from the full series of 50 patients is shown in Table 1. The two groups did not differ significantly on any measure. Clinical features and experimental findings from the 22 included patients are summarized in Table 2. Twelve of the 22 patients 54.5% ; met full DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria for current panic disorder. Two patients met diagnostic criteria for a current major depression and six met criteria for generalized and norpace.
167 177 94 ; 161 184 88 ; 0.024 Nutrition Patients `nil by mouth' 42 177 24 ; 85 184 46 ; 0.001 NG feeding 21 177 12 ; 23 184 13 ; PEG insertion 5 177 3 ; 6 184 3 ; Neither 109 177 61 ; 70 177 38 ; Acute medications Aspirin 107 138 78 ; 54 135 40 ; 0.001 Discharge medications Aspirin 44 177 25 ; 81 184 44 ; 0.001 Warfarin 27 177 15 ; 29 184 16 ; Aspirin & Warfarin 12 177 7 ; 0 184 0 ; Aspirin & Diptridamole 46 177 26 ; 2 184 1 ; Neither 48 177 27 ; 72 184 39 ; Mortality Ischaemic stroke 14 177 8 ; 13 184 7 ; 0.9488 Intracerebral haemorrhage 10 177 6 ; 10 184 5 ; Neither 153 177 86 ; 161 184 88 ; NG nasogastric; PEG percuataneous endoscopic gastrostomy; CT computerised tomography.
In patients with mild to severe hepatic insufficiency, no change in plasma concentrations of dipyridamole occurred and motilium.
PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS Adenosine acts directly on the AV node to slow electrical conduction, thus interrupting the re-entry circuit that perpetuates most cases of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia PSVT ; , including those associated with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome WPW ; . The onset when given IV is usually within 30 seconds, and the half-life is less than 10 seconds. INDICATIONS Conversion of stable or unstable SVT and PSVT, including that associated with accessory bypass tracts i.e. WPW ; , to sinus rhythm. CONTRAINDICATIONS Second- or third-degree AV block Sick sinus syndrome except in patients with a functioning pacemaker ; . Hypersensitivity. SIDE EFFECTS CNS: lightheadedness, dizziness, tingling in arms, numbness, apprehension, blurred vision, burning sensation, heaviness in arms and neck, and back pain. CV: facial flushing, headache, sweating, palpitations, chest pain, hypotension, short lasting first-, second- or third degree heart block, transient asystole, short lasting P.V.C.s, P.A.C.s, sinus bradycardia and sinus tachycardia. GI: nausea, metallic taste, tightness in throat and pressure in groin. RESP: dyspnea, chest pressure, hyperventilation and bronchospasm. PRECAUTIONS INTERACTIONS Antagonized competitively at receptor sites by methylxanthines such as caffeine and theophylline. Patients on theophylline will generally require larger doses. Effects are potentiated by the presence of dipyridamole, which blocks uptake, so smaller doses may be effective. Effects not blocked by atropine. Higher degrees of heart block may be produced in the presence of carbamazepine. Not effective for uncontrolled atrial fibrillation or flutter.
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Polska MSD Polska Sp.z o.o. Tel.: + 48 22 549 00 msdpolska merck Portugal Merck Sharp & Dohme, Lda Tel: + 351 21 446 00 informacao doente merck Romnia Merck Sharp & Dohme Romania S.R.L. Tel: + 4021 529 29 00 msdromania merck Slovenija Merck Sharp & Dohme, inovativna zdravila d.o.o. Tel: + 386 1 5204201 msd slovenia merck Slovensk republika Merck Sharp & Dohme IDEA, Inc. Tel.: + 421 2 58282010 msd sk merck Suomi Finland Suomen MSD Oy Puh Tel: + 358 0 ; 9 804650 info msd.fi Sverige Merck Sharp & Dohme Sweden ; AB Tel: + 46 0 ; 626 1400 medicinskinfo merck United Kingdom Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Tel: + 44 0800 ; 731 1736, because dipyridamole injection.
However, this leaflet is not a replacement for a careful discussion between you and your health - care provider and vibramycin.
Cardene sr cardene sr is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is or once was ; approved in the united states and possibly in other countries.
If you are sensitive to or have ever had an allergic reaction to persantine or any of its ingredients, you should not use dipyridamole and venlafaxine.
This POEM review has been taken directly from BMJ . Question: Which antiplatelet agents, used alone or in combination, are effective in preventing recurrent vascular events? Synopsis: Aspirin prevents recurrent vascular events in a wide range of high risk patients, but it is unknown if other antiplatelet agents, such as clopidogrel or dipyridamole, alone or in combination with aspirin, are more effective. The investigators rigorously searched multiple databases including Medline, the Cochrane clinical trials registry, and reference lists of trials, review articles, and scientific statements and guidelines of official societies. They included randomised trials comparing an antiplatelet regimen to either placebo or another antiplatelet regimen assessing outcomes for at least 10 days. They identified 111 trials enrolling nearly 100 000 patients. The investigators do not state if the search for, and evaluation of, the included studies was done independently by more than one person. No formal assessment of the potential for publication bias was done, nor was any specific analysis done to determine homogeneity of the results. Recommended oral first line antiplatelet therapy is aspirin for patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction; aspirin or clopidogrel for those with initial transient ischaemic attack TIA ; or ischaemic stroke, chronic stable angina, or peripheral arterial disease since aspirin is less expensive, clopidogrel should be reserved only for patients who do not tolerate aspirin and aspirin plus clopidogrel for those with non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. For second line therapy, the combination of aspirin and clopidogrel is recommended for recurrent acute coronary syndrome. The combination of aspirin and clopidogrel does not, however, lower the incidence of recurrent vascular events in patients with recurrent TIA or ischaemic stroke, but does increase the risk of major and life threatening bleeding. The combination of aspirin and extended release dipyridamole is therefore recommended for patients with recurrent TIA or ischaemic stroke in the absence of known coronary artery disease. Because of the theoretical risk of dipyridamole exacerbating myocardial ischaemia, further studies are needed before firm recommendations can be made on the management of patients with both recurrent TIA or ischaemic stroke and known coronary artery disease. Ticlopidine is beneficial for various vascular conditions, but common side effects - some serious - limit its usefulness. Bottom line: Aspirin is the recommended oral first line antiplatelet therapy for patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. Aspirin or clopidogrel is recommended for those with initial TIA or ischaemic stroke, chronic stable angina, or peripheral arterial disease, and aspirin plus clopidogrel should be used for those with non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. For second line therapy, the combination of aspirin and clopidogrel is recommended for recurrent acute coronary syndrome. The combination of aspirin and extended release dipyridamole is recommended for patients with recurrent TIA or ischaemic stroke in the absence of known coronary artery disease. Level of evidence: 1a see infopoems levels ; . Systematic review of randomised trials displaying worrisome heterogeneity.
During two years of follow-up, the risk of stroke was significantly reduced by 1 with aspirin alone, 1 3% with modified-release dipyridamole alone and by 37% with the combination and epivir and dipyridamole.
Tell your health care provider if you are taking any other medicines, especially any of the following: theophyllines eg, aminophylline ; because they may decrease dipyridamole 's effectiveness adenosine because the risk of its side effects, including low blood pressure and irregular heartbeat, may be increased by dipyridamole anticholinesterases eg, pyridostigmine ; because their effectiveness may be decreased by dipyridamole this may not be a complete list of all interactions that may occur.
Synopsis According to a review in the Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association, the prevalence of inappropriate prescribing for the elderly in general and for nursing home residents in particular remains alarmingly high. Researchers undertook a comprehensive review of recent publications in English 19972001 ; assessing inappropriate prescriptions for elderly patients in the US. A total of 11 empirical studies were identified, all of which were conducted using observational surveys or claims databases. The reported prevalence of elderly patients using at least one inappropriately prescribed drug ranged from 40% for a population of nursing home patients to 21.3% for community-dwelling patients over the age of 65. Propoxyphene, amitriptyline, long-acting benzodiazepines and dipyridamole were among the most commonly occurring inappropriate prescriptions. With a few exceptions, the most significant patient-related predictors of inappropriate prescribing were polypharmacy, poor health status, and female sex. Other potential risk factors included prescribing location, ethnicity, age, and referral status and esidrix.
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Patients with edema should consume unprocessed foods like vegetables, fruit, fish, chicken and meat, all of which contain small amounts of salt.
Did, so i wonder if this was a side effect of the persantine dipyridamole.
As of Jan 1, 1987, over 5, 000 patients have undergone intravenous dipyridamole imaging procedures. A small number of deaths have been reported, at least two of which were the result of severe myocardial ischemia.
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Incorporation of 3H-Liquiritigenin into Methylated Isoflavonoids in Alfalfa Cell Suspension Cultures The involvement of daidzein in the biosynthesis of medicarpin was assessed using an isotope dilution approach. Alfalfa cell suspension cultures were treated with a crude polysaccharide elicitor preparation from yeast cell walls to induce the accumulation of glucosides of formononetin and medicarpin, as shown in Figures 2A and 2B. Elicited cells were fed 3H-liquiritigenin for 48 hr, and isoflavonoids then were extracted and treated with -glucosidase to release the corresponding aglycones before fractionation by HPLC. Peak fractions were collected, and incorporation of 3H into the downstream metabolites formononetin, 2 -hydroxyformononetin, and medicarpin was measured by liquid scintillation counting, as shown in Figure 2C. The percentage incorporation of label into formononetin, 2 -hydroxyformononetin, and medicarpin in the experiment shown in Figure 2C was 0.8, 0.2, and 0.3%, respectively Table 1, experiment I ; . No label appeared in daidzein, although this compound was resolved poorly from the large peak of labeled liquiritigenin. Very similar results were obtained in an independent experiment using a different cell culture batch Table 1, experiment II ; . Simultaneous feeding of unlabeled daidzein with 3H-liquiritigenin had no effect on the percentage incorporation or isotopic dilution of 3H label into formononetin, 2 -hydroxyformononetin, or medicarpin Table 1 ; or on the levels of these compounds Figure 2D ; . In contrast, simultaneous feeding of unlabeled formononetin with 3H-liq, for example, dipyridamole injection.
CORONARY THERAPY EXCLUDING CALCIUM ANTAGONISTS AND NITRITES This group includes all other products indicated for coronary insufficiency and angina pectoris. It includes benziodarone, capobenic acid, carbocromen, cinepazet, cinepazic acid, cloridarol, dilazep, dipyridamole, efloxate, etafenone, fenalcomine, flosequinan, hexobendine, imolamine, medibazine, molsidomine, oxyfedrin, trimetazidine, visnadine. Combinations with nitrites are included in C1E and with beta-blockers are included in C7B and persantine.
Elisa method of example the results are shown in table together, dipyridamole and prednisolone were able to suppress tnf.
Study Design and Population The University of Florida Institutional Review Board approved this study protocol in 2004. The data presented are from a cross-sectional survey of interns, residents, and faculty of the 8 participating family medicine residency programs in Florida. The participating programs are those whose behavioral medicine science faculty or staff participated in the Florida Behavioral Health Research Consortium FBHRC ; . All the participating programs have family medicine centers where faculty and residents see patients in a community setting. Eligible respondents were all Family Medicine interns, residents, and faculty in these 8 programs. We excluded surveys completed by non-physician clinicians eg, physician assistants and nurse practitioners ; and physicians who were in specialties other than family medicine because they were such a small proportion of the total sample n 5 and n 8, respectively ; . Overall there were 229 eligible residents and 90 eligible program faculty in family medicine. Survey Administration The FBHRC members distributed the surveys at their program sites between the months of June 2004 and August 2004. Several methods were used for survey distribution, including handing surveys out at residency program meetings, putting them in resident and faculty mail boxes, and giving them directly to eligible respondents. To maintain anonymity, the FBHRC members were asked to instruct respondents to complete and return the surveys with no identifiers on the survey. The FBHRC members then mailed the completed surveys to the residency program site responsible for final collection and entry of the data. Survey Content The FBHRC met several times over the course of a year to develop and to refine the survey questions. The survey instrument was also reviewed and pretested by the program directors at each of the participating residency programs, and their suggestions for changes were incorporated into the final survey instrument. The final instrument was a 2-page self-administered questionnaire that took approximately 5 minutes to complete. The survey elicited demographic.
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Where this cannot be done, therapeutic drug monitoring is used in two major situations: drugs used prophylactically to maintain the absence of a condition such as seizures, cardiac arrhythmias, depressive or manic episodes, asthma relapses or organ rejection to avoid serious toxicity as with the aminoglycoside antibiotics which, unlike most antibiotics, have a narrow therapeutic range.
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